Smoking In Public Places - Smoking Ban in Iowa Essay

No Smoking at WIT Earlier in the year of 2008 my school stated that there would be no smoking allowed around their campus. This obviously flared up its fair share of supporters and non supporters. Some of the non supporters are asking if it is fair for the college to say what they can and cannot do in a public place. So is it ok for them to say no smoking on campus? I think they have every right to. According to Utilitarianism, when making a decision you should choose the one that results in the greatest amount of happiness for the greatest number of people. Although there are smokers who attend the college, the number of nonsmokers outweighs them. Therefore, the greatest number of happiness would be brought to those nonsmokers who no†¦show more content†¦By banning smoking around the campus, the college reduces the garbage in and around their campus. Now visitors to the college will not see dirty cigarette butts in the grass or next to the doorways, which makes the college appearance better to first time students and visitors. So, for WIT to say no smoking is OK! However, on the basis of self-interest, the smokers of WIT could fight their point of view. This tells us that each person should do what is in their own best interest, because that is what is most important. Many smokers smoke for the social aspect and the relaxing effects the nicotine has on them, which many college students might benefit from in challenging times. Letting the students smoke around the campus will help the smokers quickly get back to their studies, rather than having to walk or drive away from campus. So the smokers continuing to smoke around campus would be ok. My final argument will be based on the ethics of caring, which states that a person should be aware of the vulnerable, and to make sure they are cared for. So, for WIT to say no smoking around campus is actually helping the smokers as well. By not making smoking at school easy and accessible, it may help smokers qui t! For the smokers to quit will benefit their own health and the health of the other people around them. It is proven that productivity increases and absenteeism decreases among former smokers compared with current smokers. In that case, for WesternShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Cigarette Smoking On The Environment920 Words   |  4 PagesCigarette smoking has affected the environment negatively, as well (Novotny). Discarded cigarette butts can be seen off the streets, sidewalks, beaches, or other open areas (Novotny). Even though a single discarded cigarette filter has minimal impact on the environment, United States had manufactured 1.35 trillion of filtered cigarettes in 2007 and 360 billion of them were consumed (Novotny). 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The Between Austria Hungary And The German Empire

In addition to the treaty of London, numerous other treaties and alliances help explain the outbreak of WWI. The Dual Alliance between Austria-Hungary and the German Empire in 1879 ensured a promise of mutual defense if either side was attacked by Russia, and neutrality if attacked by any other nation. Italy joined the Dual Alliance in 1882 forming the Triple Alliance or central powers. Additionally, France formed an alliance with Russia in 1894 and an entente cordiale, or friendship with Britain in 1904. Subsequently, Britain formed an entente with Russia in 1907, effectively forming the Triple Entente. This relationship further exacerbated German fears of encirclement and left if facing a war on two fronts if it attacked or was attacked by one of the members of the Entente. The nations involved perceived these alliances as a form of protection and a deterrent to war. However, as predicted by the spiral mode, it only further increased concerns and decreased trust amongst the belligerents. Additionally, the alliances united the nations together so that, if one country went to war, the others were obligated to honor the alliance and join their partners in war (Tuchman). Consequently, the Austro-Hungarian declaration of war and attack on Serbia caused Russia to enter the war in support of its Slavic ally. This drove France to honor its alliance with Russia and join in war against the Triple Alliance (which Italy subsequently abandoned on the ground that Austria’sShow MoreRelatedThe Life of Franz Ferdinand885 Words   |  4 PagesFranz Ferdinand was the archduke of Austria-Hungary. On June 28, 1914, Ferdinand and his wife, Sophie, were visiting Sarajevo when the two were assassinated by Gavrilo Princip, a member of the Serbian terrorist group, the Black Hand. 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What, in your opinion, are the causes of the obesity ‘epidemic’ in the UK Free Essays

Abstract The aim of this essay was to explore the causes of the obesity epidemic in the UK. The prevalence of obesity among children and adults has reached epidemic proportions over the past two decades and is a major public health concern in the UK. The causes of the obesity epidemic are complex and include environmental, behavioral and physiological factors. We will write a custom essay sample on What, in your opinion, are the causes of the obesity ‘epidemic’ in the UK? or any similar topic only for you Order Now These factors influence the balance of energy intake and expenditure. It is crucial for the scientific and policy-making government as well as the public to understand the multidimensional factors, which influence obesity in order to implement the actions needed to reverse the epidemic. 1. Introduction Obesity has been defined by the World Health Organization (WHO, 2012) as â€Å"abnormal or excessive fat accumulation that may impair health†. The most frequently used measure of obesity and health is based on the body mass index (BMI), which is a single number that evaluates an individual’s weight in relation to height. Adults with a BMI of 30 kg/m2 are considered obese and those with a BMI equal to or more than 25 kg/m2 are overweight. Obesity increases the risk of a number of chronic illnesses, including cardiovascular disease, diabetes, hypertension and cancers (Kopelman, 2007) and therefore is a major public health concern. 2. Overview of the obesity epidemic In the UK, the prevalence of obesity has more than doubled in the past 20 years (OECD Health Data, 2011). The latest Health Survey for England (HSE, 2010) figures show that 37.3% of adults (aged 16 or over) are overweight and a further 24.5% obese. The prevalence of obesity in children aged 2-10 is similarly alarming by increasing from 10.1% in 1995 to 14.6% in 2010. Recently reported modelling indicates that by 2025 some 40% of the British population could be obese (Foresight, 2007). Because the physiological and psychological consequences of obesity can lead to increased morbidity and mortality, researcher, clinicians and government policymakers have explored a number of different causes that may explain the obesity epidemic. Understanding the causes of obesity has important implications for the actions that are needed to tackle and reverse the epidemic. 3. Causes of the obesity epidemic In simple terms, the cause of obesity is an imbalance of energy intake and energy expenditure for a period of time, leading to an accumulation of excessive body fat. This energy imbalance is determined by the complex interactions of biology and behavior, set within a cultural, environmental and social framework. An obesity system map (Figure 1) was constructed by Vandenbroeck et al. in 2007 from data from several different research disciplines to represent the most comprehensive view of the determinants of energy balance. Figure 1: A simplified version of the obesity system map (Source: Foresight systems map, 2007) Although the causes for the obesity epidemic are complex and multifaceted, research evidence has identified changes in two main areas of our lifestyles that have driven the obesity epidemic. The first is the level of physical activity in the population (energy expenditure). People are spending more time indoors in front of the computer and TVs and less time outside running around. The second is the quantity and different food types we consume (energy intake). People consume more energy-dense food and eat fewer healthy foods. Both areas of this complex system are greatly influenced by psychosocial factors and the environment in which we live and work. 3.1. Energy expenditure Research has shown that physical activity undertaken in the workplace and in the home has declined significantly in the UK over the past 30 years (Foresight, 2007). For example, in England, the average distance walked and cycled per person per year for transport purposes fell nearly by half in the time period from 1975 to 2003 (Foresight, 2007). The proportion of the population in an occupation requiring substantial physical effort has also reduced (Lobstein and Jackson, 2007). In addition, we are increasingly becoming reliant on work saving devices from washing machines to cars. For example, car use has risen steadily over the past 30 years, which was accompanied by changes in land use patterns to accommodate increased car use (Davis, 2007). Sheldon H Jacobson, a researcher who specializes in statistics and data analysis states in 2011 that the surge in passenger vehicle usage in the US between the 1950 and today correlates with surging levels of obesity. Data from the UK may find a similar association. In the home, physical activity has been displaced by the availability and attractiveness of more sedentary activities such as television and computer games (Pereira, 2005; Biddle, 2010). Evidence suggests that television viewing is a major contributor to the obesity epidemic (Hancox et al., 2004; Viner, 2005; Rey-Lopez et al., 2011). This contribution arises from a combination of sedentary behavior, unhealthy mindless eating habits (Temple et al., 2007) and exposure to TV advertising for palatable, highly processed, energy dense foods (Cairns, 2008; Boyland et al., 2011). Over extended periods, this decrease in physical activity can make a substantial difference to the energy balance (positive energy balance), which results in weight gain. 3.2. Energy intake The hypothesis that people are eating more in their daily life is problematic to measure outside the laboratory and is greatly confounded by under-reporting by obese subjects. However, data from the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs study (DEFRA, 2011) suggests that energy intake from food and drink in the UK population has been declining since the 1980 (Figure 2). Figure 2. Trends in average energy intake from food and drink in 2009 (Source: Family Food in 2009, DEFRA This is paradoxical, given that this is the period that has seen the most rapid increase in the prevalence of obesity. However, it has been shown that the type of food has changed. The consumption of cheap fast food and energy-dense food high in fat and/or sugar has increased (Stubbs et al., 1995), whilst more expensive healthy food such as fruit and vegetables has declined. Therefore it is the obligation of policy makers and businesses to ensure that healthy foods are readily available and promoted at affordable prices. This is an essential long term and large-scale commitment to reverse the obesity epidemic. 4. Conclusion In conclusion, it appears that the coupling between energy intake and energy expenditure is at the heart of the obesity epidemic, both of which are greatly influenced by psychosocial factors and the environment in which we live and work. Currently the evidence points to changes in the level of physical activity and food system, which is producing more processed, affordable, and effectively marketed high-energy food. These changes in my opinion have lead to a positive energy balance causing the obesity epidemic. Policies that encourage and promote physical activities and a change towards healthier food are needed to reverse the epidemic. 5. References Biddle, S., Cavill, N., Ekelund, U., et al. (2010) Sedentary Behaviour and Obesity: Review of the Current Scientific Evidence: Department of Health. Boyland, E.J., Harrold, J.A., Kirkham, T.C., Corker, C., Cuddy, J., Evans, D. (2011) Food commercials increase preference for ?energy-dense foods, particularly in children who watch more television. Pediatrics, 128(1): 93-100. Cairns, G., Angus, K., Hastings, G. (2008) The extent, nature and effects of food promotion to children: a review of the evidence to?December 2008. Prepared for the World Health Organization. Geneva: Institute for Social Marketing, University of Stirling ? The Open University, United Kingdom, 2009. Davis, A., Fergusson, M. and Valsecchi, C. (2007) Linked Crises on the Road to Obesity: Assessing and Explaining the Contribution of Increased Car Travel to UK Obesity and Climate Crises. London: Institute for European Environmental Policy. Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, (2011) Food statistics Pocketbook. Foresight (2007) Tackling Obesities: Future Choices, Project Final Report Hancox, R.J., Milne, B.J., Poulton, R. (2004) Association between child and adolescent television viewing and adult health: a longitudinal birth cohort study. Lancet, 364: 257-62. Kopelman, P. (2007) Health risk associated with Overweight and Obesity. Obesity reviews 8 (Suppl.1), 13-17. Lobstein, T. and Jackson Leach, R. (2007) International Comparisons of Obesity Trends, Determinants and Responses. Evidence Review. Foresight Tackling Obesities: Future Choices. National Statistics. 2010. Health Survey for England (HSE). OECD Health at a Glance 2011. Pereira, M.A., Kartashov, A.I., Ebbeling, C.B. (2005) Fast-food habits, weight gain, and insulin resistance (the CARDIA study): 15-year prospective analysis. Lancet, 365: 36-42. Rey-Lopez, J.P., Vicente-Rodriguez, G., Repasy, J., Mesana, M.I., Ruiz, J.R., Ortega, F.B., et al. (2011) Food and drink intake during ?television viewing in adolescents: the Healthy Lifestyle in Europe by Nutrition in Adolescence (HELENA) study. Public?Health Nutrition, 14(9): 1563-9. Sheldon H Jacobson (5/11/2011) News Bureau, Illinois Stubbs, R.J. et al. (1995) Covert manipulation of dietary fat and energy density: effect on substrate flux and food intake in men eating ad libitum. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 62, 316–329. Temple, J.L., Giacomelli, A.M., Kent, K.M., Roemmich, J.N., Epstein, L.H. (2007) Television watching increases motivated responding for?food and energy intake in children. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 85 (2): 355-61. Vandenbroeck, I. P., Goossens, J. and Clemens, M. (2007) Building the Obesity System Map. Foresight Tackling Obesities: Future Choices. Viner, R.M., Cole, T.J. (2005) Television viewing in early childhood predicts adult body mass index. J Pediatrics, 147(4): 429-35. World Health Organisation (May 2012) Fact sheet No 311: Obesity and overweight. How to cite What, in your opinion, are the causes of the obesity ‘epidemic’ in the UK?, Essay examples